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1 upper garments
Реклама: верхняя одежда -
2 the upper garments
Книжное выражение: верхняя одежда -
3 garments
Синонимический ряд:1. clothes (noun) accouterments; apparel; attire; clothes; clothing; costume; dress; garb; raiment; suit2. dresses (verb) apparels; arrays; attires; clads; clothes; dresses; garbs; garments -
4 upper
['ʌpə] 1. прил.1) верхний, расположенный наверхуupper air / atmosphere — верхние слои атмосферы
2) высший (по положению, по значимости); старший ( по должности или званию)3) наружный, верхний ( об одежде)5) амер. северный6) дальний; лежащий дальше от входа7) наземный, расположенный выше уровня земли••- upper storey
- upper ten thousand
- upper ten 2. сущ.1) ( uppers) верх обуви2) верхний зуб; верхняя челюсть; верхний зубной протез3) разг. начальство4) разг. стимулятор, допинг прям. и перен.Singing is a real upper. It makes me feel dizzy and energetic. — Пение - это настоящий допинг. Оно меня пьянит и наполняет энергией.
5) горн. восстающий шпур••- be down one's uppers- be on one's uppers -
5 garments for the upper body
Швейное производство: плечевые изделияУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > garments for the upper body
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6 upper body garments
Швейное производство: плечевые изделия -
7 garment
1. [ʹgɑ:mənt] n1. предмет одежды2. 1) pl одеждаthe upper garments - книжн. верхняя одежда
nether garments - шутл. брюки
2) покров, одеяние2. [ʹgɑ:mənt] v поэт.одевать, облачать -
8 garment
предмет одежды; pl одежда♦ upper garments верхняя одежда -
9 garment
1. n предмет одежды2. n одеждаa garment unsuited to the climate — одежда, не подходящая для данного климата
3. n покров, одеяние4. v поэт. одевать, облачатьСинонимический ряд:1. item of clothing (noun) apparel; attire; clothes; dress; item of clothing; pants; shirt; skirt; trousers2. clothe (verb) apparel; array; attire; clad; clothe; dress; enclothe; garb; raiment -
10 Gown
A long, loose upper garment; a lady's dress; a kind of open cloak worn by clergymen, members of the legal profession, university professors, and other educational officials; the degree gown has a hood of silk, the colour of which signifies the kind of degree and the university from which the degree has been obtained. In the 14th century the word " gown " was applied to garments of various materials for both men's and women's wear, they had high collars which buttoned close round the neck. Up to the end of the 17th century the gown was a garment common to men arid women under various names (see Glaudkyn, Houpeland, Heuk, Huke, Shamew). The gown has varied in shape, length and material to an enormous degree. -
11 Cotton, William
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 1819 Seagrave, Leicestershire, Englandd. after 1878[br]English inventor of a power-driven flat-bed knitting machine.[br]Cotton was originally employed in Loughborough and became one of the first specialized hosiery-machine builders. After the introduction of the latch needle by Matthew Townsend in 1856, knitting frames developed rapidly. The circular frame was easier to work automatically, but attempts to apply power to the flat frame, which could produce fully fashioned work, culminated in 1863 with William Cotton's machine. In that year he invented a machine that could make a dozen or more stockings or hose simultaneously and knit fashioned garments of all kinds. The difficulty was to reduce automatically the number of stitches in the courses where the hose or garment narrowed to give it shape. Cotton had early opportunities to apply himself to the improvement of hosiery machines while employed in the patent shop of Cartwright \& Warner of Loughborough, where some of the first rotaries were made. He remained with the firm for twenty years, during which time sixty or seventy of these machines were turned out. Cotton then established a factory for the manufacture of warp fabrics, and it was here that he began to work on his ideas. He had no knowledge of the principles of engineering or drawing, so his method of making sketches and then getting his ideas roughed out involved much useless labour. After twelve years, in 1863, a patent was issued for the machine that became the basis of the Cotton's Patent type. This was a flat frame driven by rotary mechanism and remarkable for its adaptability. At first he built his machine upright, like a cottage piano, but after much thought and experimentation he conceived the idea of turning the upper part down flat so that the needles were in a vertical position instead of being horizontal, and the work was carried off horizontally instead of vertically. His first machine produced four identical pieces simultaneously, but this number was soon increased. Cotton was induced by the success of his invention to begin machine building as a separate business and thus established one of the first of a class of engineering firms that sprung up as an adjunct to the new hosiery manufacture. He employed only a dozen men and turned out six machines in the first year, entering into an agreement with Hine \& Mundella for their exclusive use. This was later extended to the firm of I. \& R.Morley. In 1878, Cotton began to build on his own account, and the business steadily increased until it employed some 200 workers and had an output of 100 machines a year.[br]Bibliography1863, British patent no. 1,901 (flat-frame knitting machine).Further ReadingF.A.Wells, 1935, The British Hosiery and Knitwear Industry: Its History and Organisation, London (based on an article in the Knitters' Circular (Feb. 1898).A brief account of the background to Cotton's invention can be found in T.K.Derry and T.I. Williams, 1960, A Short History of Technology from the Earliest Times to AD 1900, Oxford; C. Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. V, Oxford: Clarendon Press.F.Moy Thomas, 1900, I. \& R.Morley. A Record of a Hundred Years, London (mentions cotton's first machines).RLH -
12 Howe, Elias
[br]b. 9 July 1819 Spencer, Massachusetts, USAd. 3 October 1867 Bridgeport, Connecticut, USA[br]American inventor of one of the earliest successful sewing machines.[br]Son of Elias Howe, a farmer, he acquired his mechanical knowledge in his father's mill. He left school at 12 years of age and was apprenticed for two years in a machine shop in Lowell, Massachusetts, and later to an instrument maker, Ari Davis in Boston, Massachusetts, where his master's services were much in demand by Harvard University. Fired by a desire to invent a sewing machine, he utilized the experience gained in Lowell to devise a shuttle carrying a lower thread and a needle carrying an upper thread to make lock-stitch in straight lines. His attempts were so rewarding that he left his job and was sustained first by his father and then by a partner. By 1845 he had built a machine that worked at 250 stitches per minute, and the following year he patented an improved machine. The invention of the sewing machine had an enormous impact on the textile industry, stimulating demand for cloth because making up garments became so much quicker. The sewing machine was one of the first mass-produced consumer durables and was essentially an American invention. William Thomas, a London manufacturer of shoes, umbrellas and corsets, secured the British rights and persuaded Howe to come to England to apply it to the making of shoes. This Howe did, but he quarrelled with Thomas after less than one year. He returned to America to face with his partner, G.W.Bliss, a bigger fight over his patent (see I.M. Singer), which was being widely infringed. Not until 1854 was the case settled in his favour. This litigation threatened the very existence of the new industry, but the Great Sewing Machine Combination, the first important patent-pooling arrangement in American history, changed all this. For a fee of $5 on every domestically-sold machine and $1 on every exported one, Howe contributed to the pool his patent of 1846 for a grooved eye-pointed needle used in conjunction with a lock-stitch-forming shuttle. Howe's patent was renewed in 1861; he organized and equipped a regiment during the Civil War with the royalties. When the war ended he founded the Howe Machine Company of Bridgeport, Connecticut.[br]Further ReadingObituary, 1867, Engineer 24.Obituary, 1867, Practical Magazine 5.F.G.Harrison, 1892–3, Biographical Sketches of Pre-eminent Americans (provides a good account of Howe's life and achievements).N.Salmon, 1863, History of the Sewing Machine from the Year 1750, with a biography of Elias Howe, London (tells the history of sewing machines).F.B.Jewell, 1975, Veteran Sewing Machines, A Collector's Guide, Newton Abbot (a more modern account of the history of sewing machines).C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. V, Oxford: Clarendon Press (covers the mechanical developments).D.A.Hounshell, 1984, From the American System to Mass Production 1800–1932. TheDevelopment of Manufacturing Technology in the United States, Baltimore (examines the role of the American sewing machine companies in the development of mass-production techniques).RLH
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